What is BPC-157, and what does the evidence actually show?
BPC-157 is a synthetic 15-amino-acid peptide studied in experimental models of injury and other conditions. Its name comes from “body protection compound,” but a name is not evidence of a…
2 min read · 4 sources→TB-500, thymosin beta-4 and the “Wolverine” label
TB-500 is a name used for a synthetic thymosin-beta-4-related fragment. It should not be assumed to be interchangeable with full-length thymosin beta-4. “Wolverine peptide” or “Wolverine…
2 min read · 2 sources→Copper peptides and GHK-Cu: identity, signaling and evidence
Copper peptides are peptides that bind copper. GHK-Cu is a copper complex of the tripeptide glycine-histidine-lysine. Its chemistry and laboratory effects are interesting, but they do not…
2 min read · 2 sources→What is acetyl hexapeptide-8, and what does expression-line research show?
Acetyl hexapeptide-8 is a synthetic six-amino-acid peptide used in cosmetics. It has been studied for effects on the appearance of expression lines, but it should not be described as…
2 min read · 3 sources→PDRN explained: why it is not a peptide
PDRN means polydeoxyribonucleotide, a material made of DNA fragments. Peptides are chains of amino acids. They belong to different chemical categories, even when both appear in skin-care…
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GLP-1, GIP and glucagon: how metabolic peptide signals work
GLP-1, GIP and glucagon are peptide hormones that help coordinate metabolism. They are related signals, but they act through different receptors and do not do the same job.
2 min read · 3 sources→What is retatrutide, and how does a triple receptor agonist differ from tirzepatide?
Retatrutide is an investigational peptide designed to activate GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptors. Tirzepatide targets GIP and GLP-1 receptors. The extra target is a mechanistic difference,…
2 min read · 3 sources→Semaglutide and tirzepatide: what is different, and what does comparative evidence show?
Semaglutide primarily activates the GLP-1 receptor. Tirzepatide activates GIP and GLP-1 receptors. Both have been studied clinically, but results and approved uses belong to specific…
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What Is MOTS-c?
MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide studied in metabolic signaling and cellular stress responses. Its name refers to a mitochondrial open reading frame associated with…
2 min read · 4 sources→What Is NAD+?
NAD+ is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a molecule cells use in essential biochemical reactions. It is a coenzyme, not a peptide. NAD+ and its reduced form, NADH, help transfer electrons…
2 min read · 2 sources→What Are Senolytics?
Senolytics are agents being studied for their ability to selectively eliminate certain senescent cells. They are a research strategy, not a single ingredient or a guarantee of rejuvenation.…
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What Is Semax?
Semax is a synthetic peptide investigated for effects on nervous-system signaling and neurological outcomes. It is related to a fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone but should not be…
2 min read · 6 sources→What Is Selank?
Selank is a synthetic peptide studied in anxiety-related and nervous-system research. It is commonly described as a tuftsin-related analogue. The important educational question is not…
2 min read · 3 sources→What Is CJC-1295?
CJC-1295 is a growth hormone-releasing hormone analogue studied for its ability to prolong stimulation of the GH–IGF-1 axis. The best-known early human studies investigated a long-acting…
2 min read · 3 sources→What Is Ipamorelin?
Ipamorelin is a synthetic peptide investigated as a growth hormone secretagogue. It acts in the ghrelin-receptor system rather than being growth hormone itself. Its ability to influence…
2 min read · 2 sources→What Is Tesamorelin?
Tesamorelin is a growth hormone-releasing factor analogue used in specific prescription products. In the United States, its approved use is narrower than the general weight-loss or…
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