- 01Metabolic research · 2 min read
GLP-1, GIP and glucagon: how metabolic peptide signals work
GLP-1, GIP and glucagon are peptide hormones that help coordinate metabolism. They are related signals, but they act through different receptors and do not do the same job.
- 02Metabolic research · 2 min read
Semaglutide and tirzepatide: what is different, and what does comparative evidence show?
Semaglutide primarily activates the GLP-1 receptor. Tirzepatide activates GIP and GLP-1 receptors. Both have been studied clinically, but results and approved uses belong to specific…
- 03Metabolic research · 2 min read
What is retatrutide, and how does a triple receptor agonist differ from tirzepatide?
Retatrutide is an investigational peptide designed to activate GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptors. Tirzepatide targets GIP and GLP-1 receptors. The extra target is a mechanistic difference,…
- 04Metabolic research · 2 min read
How scientists measure appetite, insulin sensitivity and metabolic change
There is no single “metabolism test” that answers every question. Researchers combine measurements of appetite, intake, glucose handling, energy expenditure, body composition and clinical…
- 05Metabolic research · 3 min read
Metabolic adaptation, weight plateaus and the limits of animal studies
Weight change can slow as energy needs and behavior change. Metabolic adaptation is one contributor, not a diagnosis that can be made from a few scale readings. Animal experiments help…
- 06Research literacy · 2 min read
Randomized and Placebo-Controlled Trials: What Are Researchers Measuring?
Understand randomization, placebo controls, blinding, and clinical endpoints, including why a biomarker change may not establish patient benefit.
Reading journey
Does another receptor change the answer?
Trace GLP-1, GIP and glucagon before comparing medicines, trials and their measurements.
